Human β defensin-1 and -2 expression in the gingiva of patients with specific periodontal diseases

Background and Objective: β defensin antimicrobial peptides are important in epithelial innate immunity, and their differential expression is associated with periodontal diseases. The aims of this study were to determine the mRNA expression of human β defensin-1 and -2 in the gingival tissue of patients with gingivitis, aggressive periodontitis and chronic periodontitis, and to evaluate the relationship between defensin expression and type and/or severity of periodontal destruction. Material and Methods: Fifteen patients in each group with gingivitis, aggressive periodontitis and chronic periodontitis, and 10 healthy subjects, were included in the study (n = 55). The periodontal status of the subjects was determined by periodontal clinical measurements and radiographical evaluations. Transcriptional levels of human β defensin-1 and -2 genes in gingival samples were assessed by using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction technique, and the data were evaluated statistically by the relative expression Software Tool 2 for groupwise comparisons. Results: Expression of the human β defensin-1 gene was lower in gingivitis and aggressive periodontitis groups, and significantly higher in the chronic periodontitis group, than in the control group (p < 0.001). Human β defensin-2 mRNA expression in the gingivitis group was lower than in the control group; however, the difference was statistically significant only in half of the gingivitis patients (p < 0.001). Human β defensin-2 mRNA levels were higher in some chronic periodontitis patients, but lower in the others when compared with the control group (p < 0.001). Expression of the human β defensin-2 gene increased in the aggressive periodontitis group relative to the control group. Conclusion: This study suggests that human β defensin-1 and -2 genes in the gingival epithelium show differential expression in patients with specific periodontal diseases, and aggressive and chronic periodontitis types demonstrate different gingival β defensin-1 and -2 expression patterns.