Mesopelagic Fish Traits: Functions and Trade-Offs

Fishes inhabiting the mesopelagic zone of the world's oceans are estimated to account for the majority of the world's fish biomass. They have recently attracted new attention because they are part of the biological carbon pump and have been reconsidered as a contribution to food security. Hence, there is an urgent need to understand how environmental conditions and species interactions shape their assemblages, and how they contribute to the functioning of marine ecosystems. Trait-based approaches are valuable for addressing these types of questions. However, the biology and ecology of mesopelagic fishes are understudied compared to fishes in shallow and epipelagic waters. Here, we synthesise existing knowledge of traits of mesopelagic fishes and relate them to their role in survival, feeding and growth and reproduction, the key functions that contribute to fitness. Vertical migrations, specialised vision and the use of bioluminescence are among the most striking adaptations to the conditions in the mesopelagic realm. Many traits are interrelated as a result of trade-offs, which may help to understand selection pressures. While morphological traits are straightforward to observe, major knowledge gaps exist for traits that require frequent sampling, assessment under experimental conditions or age determination. The unique adaptations of mesopelagic fishes need to be included in management strategies as well as fundamental research of the habitat.