Methylglyoxal

Methylglyoxal (MG) is a reactive α-dicarbonyl and may be the most important reactive aldehyde primarily generated endogenously in cells and exogenously due to the autoxidation process. Interestingly, diabetes was the first disease in which evidence emerged for the increased formation of MG in the body. Methylglyoxal is also a significant precursor of advanced glycation end products. It could enhance protein glycation, oxidative stress, or inflammation and exert a toxic effect on insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. It is a toxic by-product of glycolysis and many other metabolic pathways. It has been suggested that MG culminates in cytotoxic effects via reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species. In mammalian cells, this reactive metabolite is detoxified via the glutathione-dependent glyoxalase pathway forming d-lactate, involving glyoxalase 1 (Glo1; EC 4.4.1.5) and glyoxalase 2 (Glo2; EC 3.1.2.6). Methylglyoxal has been identified as the dominant antibacterial constituent of manuka honey. Methylglyoxal is used in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning leather. Exposure routes include endogenous formation in the body, ingestion, and inhalation.