Multifunctional Graphene-Based Nanocomposites for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy

Currently, the most common methods of cancer diagnosis include different imaging modalities such as single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and mammography. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs)and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs)offer significant prospective tools for the targeted imaging and therapy of cancer. Polymeric nanocomposites (NCs)have been developed using various types of NPs and widely used for the cancer therapy. Polymeric nanohybrids can be harnessed to improve the biocompatibility and multi-responsiveness of drug delivery systems (DDSs)in the cancer therapy. By far, several studies have been carried out to implement different strategies to enhance and improve the photoconversion efficiency of such advanced nanobiomaterials to serve as probes for the early detection of cancer biomarkers in biological fluids of patients. Combination therapy using graphene and its derivatives have widely been extended, resulting in the production of new generation of multimodal pharmaceuticals.