Somatostatin⁺/nNOS⁺ neurons are involved in delta electroencephalogram activity and corticaldependent recognition memory

Slow-wave activity (SWA) is an oscillatory neocortical activity occurring in the electroencephalogram delta (δ) frequency range (∼0.5-4 Hz) during nonrapid eye movement sleep. SWA is a reliable indicator of sleep homeostasis after acute sleep loss and is involved in memory processes. Evidence suggests that cortical neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expressing neurons that coexpress somatostatin (SST) play a key role in regulating SWA. However, previous studies lacked selectivity in targeting specific types of neurons that coexpress nNOS-cells which are activated in the cortex after sleep loss. We produced a mouse model that knocks out nNOS expression in neurons that coexpress SST throughout the cortex. Mice lacking nNOS expression in SST positive neurons exhibited significant impairments in both homeostatic low-δ frequency range SWA production and a recognition memory task that relies on cortical input. These results highlight that SST⁺/nNOS⁺ neurons are involved in the SWA homeostatic response and cortex-dependent recognition memory.